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Category: Theory

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Voltage Divider

The voltage divider is a circuit that produces an Vout that is a fraction of an Vin.

The two resistors in series can be seen as a single potentiometer.

This circuit will be heavily used in our website so we have decided to do a standalone article for this circuit.

From the Ohms law we know that V=I*R

From the Kirchhoff's current law (first rule) we know  ΣI=0 So we have I1=I2+I3

From the Kirchhoff's voltage law (second rule) we know that ΣV=0 So we have Vin=V1+V2

Observe that V2=Vout

Let's now do some considerations about this circuit.

...continue reading "Voltage dividers explained"

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Creating menus for embedded devices is often challenging.
Usually you have very little resources and complicated menus can not be an option.

More buttons offer more possibilities but also a more complex user interface and more hardware resources.

Why more hardware resources?

Going back at the "arduino and memory how to" article we have used the button change example.
One button use one pin as input pin from our arduino processor.
So for more buttons you need more pins.

There are methods that you can "bypass" this problem as we will see in next articles but anyway more buttons = more cost.

...continue reading "Circular menu in arduino"

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The etching is the technique that a strong acid chemical solution "eats" the unprotected copper.

So the etching method can be used for the production of printed circuit boards (PCB) since acid can be used to remove the unwanted copper from a copper clad.
A nice and easy method in order to make printed circuits at home is to use the so called : "toner transfer method". This method will be discussed in another article.
For now keep in mind that you have a copper clad (fr4) with the circuit "printed" (with toner) on it.

So this printed copper board can be etched with an acid solution called etchant.
This acid solution will eat all the unprotected toner and the remained, protected by the toner, copper will be our final printed circuit.

...continue reading "Learn how to make at home an etching solution"

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Bitwise operators are used in order to modify a bit or bits of any given byte.

So whenever you want to modify less than a byte you can do it using this technique.

Using the bitwise operators you can save memory by packing multiple data items in a single byte.

Do not confuse the boolean operators AND(&&) OR(||) and NOT(!) with the bitwise operators AND(&) OR(|) NOT(~).

Let's start with the four most common bitwise operations : AND , OR , XOR and NOT.

...continue reading "Arduino Bitwise Operators and advanced tricks"

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The binary numeral system (base 2) number system, represents numeric values using two symbols, 0 and 1. {0,1}
The decimal numeral system (base 10) number system, represents numeric values using ten symbols  {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
The hexadecimal numeral system (base 16) number system, represents numeric values using sixteen symbols  {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F}

...continue reading "Binary Decimal and Hexadecimal numeral systems"